{"id":36642,"date":"2019-04-10T16:06:14","date_gmt":"2019-04-10T14:06:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=36642"},"modified":"2023-02-22T18:02:24","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T17:02:24","slug":"astronomers-capture-first-image-of-a-black-hole","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/astronomers-capture-first-image-of-a-black-hole\/","title":{"rendered":"Astrophysicists from Goethe University contribute to first image of a black hole"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/beitrag_pm-schwarzes-Loch-black-hole.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-36643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/beitrag_pm-schwarzes-Loch-black-hole.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/beitrag_pm-schwarzes-Loch-black-hole-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption>The first image of the black hole in the neighbouring galaxy M87, captured by scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope Project. Credit: EHT<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Researchers from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), one of whom is Goethe University astrophysicist Luciano Rezzolla, announced a breakthrough today in several coordinated international press conferences: they have successfully captured the first direct visual evidence of a supermassive black hole. It is located at the centre of the neighbouring galaxy M87. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) operates\na planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes that are linked\ntogether. The Black Hole Cam (BHC) Team, led by astrophysicists from Goethe\nUniversity in Frankfurt, the Max-Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR)\nin Bonn and the Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, are part of\nthis collaboration.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe are giving humanity its first view of\na black hole \u2014 a one-way door out of our universe,&#8220;&nbsp;said EHT project\ndirector&nbsp;Sheperd S. Doeleman&nbsp;of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard\n&amp; Smithsonian. &#8222;This is a landmark in astronomy, an unprecedented\nscientific feat accomplished by a team of more than 200 researchers.&#8220; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Black holes are extraordinary cosmic\nobjects with enormous masses but extremely compact sizes. The presence of these\nobjects affects their environment in extreme ways, warping spacetime and\nsuper-heating any surrounding material so that it glows.&nbsp;The theory of general\nrelativity predicts that the heated material will illuminate the extremely warped\nspacetime, making a dark shadow visible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8222;If immersed in a bright region, like\na disc of glowing gas, we expect a black hole to create a dark region similar\nto a shadow \u2014 something predicted by Einstein\u2019s general relativity that we\u2019ve\nnever seen before,&#8220; explained chair of the EHT Science Council&nbsp;Heino\nFalcke&nbsp;of Radboud University, the Netherlands. &#8222;This shadow, caused\nby the gravitational bending and capture of light by the event horizon, reveals\na lot about the nature of these fascinating objects and allowed us to measure\nthe enormous mass of M87\u2019s black hole.&#8220;&nbsp;The black hole in the centre\nof M87 has a mass of more than six billion solar masses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The EHT observations indeed reveal a\nring-like structure with a dark central region \u2014 the black hole\u2019s shadow. The\nring appears in multiple separate observations using different imaging methods\nthat were analysed independently from each other. &#8222;Once we were sure we\nhad imaged the shadow, we could compare our observations to extensive computer\nmodels that include the physics of warped space, superheated matter and strong\nmagnetic fields. Many of the features of the observed image match our\ntheoretical understanding surprisingly well,&#8220;&nbsp;remarked&nbsp;Luciano Rezzolla,\nprofessor for theoretical astrophysics at Goethe University.&nbsp;&#8222;This\nmakes us confident about the interpretation of our observations, including our\nestimation of the black hole\u2019s mass.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The group headed by Luciano Rezzolla made\nfundamental contributions to the theoretical interpretation of the results\nthroughout each stage of the observations: using supercomputers, they simulated\nhow material revolves around the black hole in a ring-shaped disc (accretion\ndisc) and gets pulled in, and how light rays are bent because of the extreme\ngravitation around the black hole. It was also important to rule out various\nalternatives to black holes that are also compatible with the theory of general\nrelativity. \u201cThe confrontation of theory with observations is always a dramatic\nmoment for a theoretical physicist. It was a relief and a source of pride to\nrealize that the observations matched our predictions so well,\u201d said Luciano\nRezzolla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first direct image of a black hole\nrequired telescopes of unprecedented precision and sensitivity. The realization\nof this telescope \u2013 the Event Horizon Telescope \u2013 was a formidable challenge\nwhich required upgrading and connecting a worldwide network of eight\npre-existing telescopes deployed at a variety of challenging high-altitude\nsites. These locations included volcanoes in Hawai`i and Mexico, mountains in\nArizona and the Spanish Sierra Nevada, the Chilean Atacama Desert, and\nAntarctica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The EHT observations use a technique\ncalled very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) which synchronises telescope\nfacilities around the world and exploits the rotation of our planet to form one\nhuge, Earth-size telescope observing at a wavelength of 1.3mm. VLBI allows the\nEHT to achieve an angular resolution of 20 micro-arcseconds \u2014 enough to read a\nnewspaper in New York from a sidewalk caf\u00e9 in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe 30-m IRAM telescope on Pico Valeta in\nthe Spanish Sierra Nevada is the most sensitive single-dish telescope within\nthe EHT network,\u201d explained Karl Schuster, director of IRAM and member of the\nEHT board. \u201cBringing together the best radio telescopes on four continents we\ncan reach an unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution, allowing\nscientists to carry out measurements at the very limit of what is physically\npossible.\u201d The second IRAM telescope, NOEMA in the French Alps, joined the EHT\nnetwork in September 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The construction of the EHT represents an effort that has spanned many\nyears, and serves as an example of global teamwork by researchers from many\ncountries. Thirteen partner institutions worked together to create the EHT. Key\nfunding was provided by the EU&#8217;s European Research Council (ERC), the US\nNational Science Foundation (NSF), and funding agencies in East Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAfter decades of research where we could postulate black holes only\nindirectly, albeit with great precision, it was not until LIGO in 2015 that we\nwere able to make the impact of merging black holes on space-time \u2018audible,\u2019\u201d explained\nMichael Kramer, Director at MPIfR and co-PI of the ERC Black Hole Cam project.\n\u201cNow we can finally \u2018see\u2019 them, and investigate the extreme warping of\nspacetime they are causing in a unique way.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8222;These results mark an important milestone for our understanding of\nthe fundamental processes that determine the formation and evolution of\ngalaxies. It is remarkable that in this project we were able to take our\nastronomical observations and their theoretical interpretation to the success\nwe hoped for even faster than expected. In the future, scientists far beyond\nour field will clearly remember a time before and after this discovery,\u201d\npredicted Anton Zensus, Director at the MPIfR and Chair of the EHT\nCollaboration Board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\"><strong>Publications<\/strong>: <em>&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/journal\/2041-8205\/page\/Focus_on_EHT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/journal\/2041-8205\/page\/Focus_on_EHT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\"><strong>Film material<\/strong> <strong>on the black hole<\/strong> (Simulations and background on the research at Goethe University) can be found here:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/l6iuC1I3mHo\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/l6iuC1I3mHo<\/a>: How we made the black hole visible. Short version <br><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vrHL61cHAnA\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/vrHL61cHAnA<\/a>: How we made the black hole visible. Long version with personal statements <br><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_AOtZxUsfAw\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/_AOtZxUsfAw<\/a>: Simulations of the shadow of a black hole (English)<br><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/i1VJw3aj664\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/i1VJw3aj664<\/a>: Simulations of the shadow of a black hole (Spanish) <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_AOtZxUsfAw\"><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchers from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), one of whom is Goethe University astrophysicist Luciano Rezzolla, announced a breakthrough today in several coordinated international press conferences: they have successfully captured 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