{"id":41488,"date":"2020-01-08T08:46:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-08T07:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=41488"},"modified":"2023-02-22T16:58:17","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T15:58:17","slug":"new-metabolic-pathway-discovered-in-rumen-microbiome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/new-metabolic-pathway-discovered-in-rumen-microbiome\/","title":{"rendered":"New metabolic pathway discovered in rumen microbiome"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cows can adapt\nthemselves to a fluctuating sodium content in their feed. How they do that was\nso far a secret. Researchers from Goethe University have now discovered a\nbacterium in the microbiome of the rumen which has a new type of cell\nrespiration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cow can only process grass in its rumen with the\nhelp of billions of microorganisms. An entire zoo of bacteria, archaea and\nprotozoa works there like on a production line: First of all, these single-cell\norganisms break down the cellulose, a polysaccharide. Other bacteria ferment\nthe sugars released into fatty acids, alcohols and gases, such as hydrogen and\ncarbon dioxide. Finally, methanogenic archaea transform these two gases into\nmethane.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An average cow\nproduces about 110 liters of methane per day. It escapes from its mouth through\nrumination, but also mixes again with partly digested food. As a result, the sodium\ncontent of the grass pulp can fluctuate to a considerable degree (between 60\nand 800 millimoles of sodium chloride (NaCl) per liter). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\nGerman-American research team has now discovered how the ruminal bacteria adapt\nto these extreme fluctuations in sodium content: \u201cBioinformatic analyses of the\ngenome of ruminal bacteria led our American colleague Tim Hackmann to assume\nthat some ruminal bacteria have two different respiratory circuits. One of them\nfunctions with sodium ions and the other without,\u201d explains Professor Volker\nM\u00fcller from the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics at\nGoethe University. That is why M\u00fcller suggested to his doctoral researcher\nMarie Sch\u00f6lmerich that she study a typical representative in the microbiome of\nruminants: the bacterium Pseudobutyrivibrio\nruminis<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Together with\nundergraduate student Judith D\u00f6nig and Master\u2019s student Alexander Katsyv, Marie\nSch\u00f6lmerich cultivated the bacterium. Indeed, they were able to corroborate both\nrespiratory circuits. As the researchers report in the current issue of the Proceedings\nof the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the electron carrier ferredoxin\n(Fd) is reduced during sugar oxidation. Reduced ferredoxin drives both\nrespiratory circuits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The one respiratory circuit comprises the enzyme complex Fd:NAD+<\/sup> oxidoreductase (Rnf complex). It uses energy to transport sodium ions out of the cell. When they re-enter the cell, the sodium ions trigger an ATP synthase, so that ATP is produced. This respiratory circuit only works in the presence of sodium ions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
The bacterium Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis (green), a typical ruminal bacterium, obtains energy via two different respiratory circuits. The one requires sodium ions, the other hydrogen ions (H+). In this way, it can adapt to fluctuating sodium concentrations in animal feed in an optimum way. (Illustration: Goethe University\/ Cow: Shutterstock)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the absence\nof sodium ions, the bacterium forms an alternative respiratory circuit with\nanother enzyme complex: The Ech hydrogenase (synonymous: Fd:H+<\/sup> oxidoreductase)\nproduces hydrogen and pumps protons out of the cell. If these re-enter the cell\nvia a second ATP synthase that accepts protons but not sodium ions, ATP is also\nproduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is the first bacterium so far in which these two simple, completely different respiratory circuits have been corroborated, but our bioinformatic analyses suggest that they are also found in other bacteria,\u201d explains Marie Sch\u00f6lmerich. \u201cIt seems, therefore, that this adaptation strategy is more widespread,\u201d she assumes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, both enzyme complexes (Rnf and Ech) were also discovered in bacteria which are old in terms of evolutionary biology. Professor M\u00fcller\u2019s research group has examined them in depth, but always only found one of the two enzyme complexes and never both together. \u201cWe\u2019re now going to use synthetic microbiology methods to produce hybrids of bacteria that contain both complexes in order to optimize them for biotechnological processes. In this way, we can raise the cellular ATP content, which will make it possible to produce products of a higher quality,\u201d explains Professor M\u00fcller. The intention is to use the respiratory circuits to recover valuable substances through the fermentation of synthesis gas. This is the subject of the trials being conducted in the framework of a project sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Publication<\/strong>: Sch\u00f6lmerich, M.C., Katsyv, A., D\u00f6nig, J., Hackmann, T., M\u00fcller, V. (20XX). Energy conservation involving two respiratory circuits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1914939117<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cows can adapt themselves to a fluctuating sodium content in their feed. How they do that was so far a secret. Researchers from Goethe University have now discovered a bacterium […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":41446,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,254],"tags":[246],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-41488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-research","tag-biological-sciences"],"yoast_head":"\nNew metabolic pathway discovered in rumen microbiome | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/new-metabolic-pathway-discovered-in-rumen-microbiome\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New metabolic pathway discovered in rumen microbiome | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cows can adapt themselves to a fluctuating sodium content in their feed. 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