{"id":44869,"date":"2020-06-22T09:33:47","date_gmt":"2020-06-22T07:33:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=44869"},"modified":"2023-02-21T13:34:51","modified_gmt":"2023-02-21T12:34:51","slug":"physics-study-shows-that-envy-divides-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/physics-study-shows-that-envy-divides-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Physics: study shows that envy divides society"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/blog_PM_Claudius-Gros.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-35310\" width=\"373\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/blog_PM_Claudius-Gros.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/blog_PM_Claudius-Gros-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><figcaption><em>Professor Claudius Gros, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Can class differences come about\nendogenously, i.e. independent of birth and education? Professor Claudius Gros\nfrom the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Goethe University pursued this\nissue in a game theoretical study. He was able to show that the basic human\nneed to compare oneself with others may be the root cause of the formation of\nsocial classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s generally recognized that differences\nin background and education cement class differences. It is less clear when and\nunder what circumstances individual psychological forces can drive an initially\nhomogenous social group apart and ultimately divide it. Claudius Gros,\nprofessor for theoretical physics at Goethe University, investigated this\nquestion in a mathematical precise way using game theory methods. \u201cIn the\nstudy, societies of agents \u2013 acting individuals \u2013 are simulated within game\ntheory, which means that everybody optimises her\/his success according to\npredetermined rules. I wanted to find out whether social differences can emerge\non their own if no one starts off with advantages \u2013 that is, when all actors\nhave the same skills and opportunity,\u201d the physicist explains. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The study is based on the assumption that\nthere are things in every society that are coveted but limited \u2013 such as jobs,\nsocial contacts and positions of power. An inequality is created if the top\nposition is already occupied and someone must therefore accept the second-best\njob \u2013 but not, however, a societal division. With the help of mathematical\ncalculations Gros was able to demonstrate that envy, which arises from the need\nto compare oneself with others, alters individual behaviour and consequently\nthe agents\u2019 strategies in characteristic ways. As a result of this changed\nbehaviour, two strictly separate social classes arise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Game theory provides the mathematical\ntools necessary for the modelling of decision situations with several\nparticipants, as in Gros\u2019 study. In general, constellations in which the\ndecision strategies of the individual actors mutually influence each other are\nparticularly revealing. The success of the individual depends then not only on\nhis or her own actions, but on others\u2019 actions as well, which is typical of\nboth economic and social contexts. Game theory is consequently firmly anchored\nin the economy. The stability condition of game theory, the \u201cNash equilibrium\u201d,\nis a concept developed by John Forbes Nash in his dissertation in 1950, using\nthe example of poker players. It states that in equilibrium no player has\nanything to gain by changing their strategy if the other players do not change\ntheirs either. An individual only tries out new behaviour patterns if there is\na potential gain. Since this causal chain also applies to evolutionary\nprocesses, the evolutionary and behavioural sciences regularly fall back on\ngame theoretical models, for example when researching animal behaviours such as\nthe migratory flight routes of birds, or their competition for nesting sites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even in an envy-induced class society\nthere is no incentive for an individual to change his or her strategy,\naccording to Gros. It is therefore Nash stable. In the divided envy society there\nis a marked difference in income between the upper and lower class which is the\nsame for all members of each social class. Typical for the members of the lower\nclass is, according to Gros, that they spend their time on a series of\ndifferent activities, something game theory terms a \u201cmixed strategy\u201d. Members\nof the upper class, however, concentrate on a single task, i.e., they pursue a\n\u201cpure strategy\u201d. It is also striking that the upper class can choose between\nvarious options while the lower class only has access to a single mixed\nstrategy. \u201cThe upper class is therefore individualistic, while agents in the\nlower class are lost in the crowd, so to speak,\u201d the physicist sums up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Claudius Gros\u2019 model, whether an agent\nlands in the upper or lower class is ultimately a matter of coincidence. It is\ndecided by the dynamics of competition, and not by origin. For his study, Gros\ndeveloped a new game theoretical model, the \u201cshopping trouble model\u201d and worked\nout a precise analytical solution.&nbsp; From\nit, he derives that an envy-induced class society possesses characteristics\nthat are deemed universal in the theory of complex systems. The result is that\nthe class society is beyond political control to a certain degree. Political\ndecision-makers lose a portion of their options for control when society\nspontaneously splits into social classes. In addition, Gros\u2019 model demonstrates\nthat envy has a stronger effect when the competition for limited resources is\nstronger. \u201cThis game theoretical insight could be of central significance. Even\nan \u2018ideal society\u2019 cannot be stably maintained in the long term \u2013 which\nultimately makes the striving for a communistic society seem unrealistic,\u201d the\nscientist remarks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color\"><strong>Publication<\/strong>: Claudius Gros, Self induced class stratification in competitive societies of agents: Nash stability in the presence of envy, Royal Society Open Science, Vol 7, 200411 (2020). Link: <a href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.200411\">https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.200411<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source: press release from 17 June 2020<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Can class differences come about endogenously, i.e. independent of birth and education? Professor Claudius Gros from the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Goethe University pursued this issue in a game [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":35310,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,254],"tags":[242],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-44869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-research","tag-physics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Physics: study shows that envy divides society | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/physics-study-shows-that-envy-divides-society\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Physics: study shows that envy divides society | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Can class differences come about endogenously, i.e. independent of birth and education? 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