{"id":60560,"date":"2022-02-15T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-15T08:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=60560"},"modified":"2023-02-17T13:27:41","modified_gmt":"2023-02-17T12:27:41","slug":"how-the-brain-filters-out-sounds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/how-the-brain-filters-out-sounds\/","title":{"rendered":"How the brain filters out sounds"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Beitragsbild_UR-1.22_Fledermaeuse.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Beitragsbild_UR-1.22_Fledermaeuse.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-54760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Beitragsbild_UR-1.22_Fledermaeuse.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Beitragsbild_UR-1.22_Fledermaeuse-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Searching for fruit at night:Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat (<em>Carollia perspicillata<\/em>). Photo: Julio Hechavarr\u00eda<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Whenever bats use echolocation when foraging for food or to communicate with other bats: sounds are omnipresent. How Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat, a species native to South America, filters out important signals from the wide diversity of ambient sound is being examined by researchers at the Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience at Goethe University Frankfurt. The most recent finding: the brain stem, which to date had been regarded as being solely responsible for very basic tasks, already processes the probabilities of acoustic signals.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bats are renowned for their echolocation skills, navigation using sound therefore: they \u2018see\u2019 with their extremely sensitive hearing, by emitting ultrasonic calls and forming a picture of their immediate environment on the basis of the reflected sound. Thus, for instance, Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat (<em>Carollia perspicillata<\/em>) finds the fruit it prefers to eat using this echolocation system. At the same time bats use their voice to communicate with other bats, whereby they then utilise a somewhat lower frequency range. Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat has a vocal range which is otherwise only found among songbirds and humans. Just like humans it creates sound via its larynx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to find out how Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat filters out particularly important signals from the wide diversity of different sounds \u2013 warning cries from other bats, the isolation calls of infant bats, as well as the reflections from pepper plants in the labyrinth of leaves and branches, for example \u2013 researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt recorded the brain waves of the bats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To this end the researchers headed by Professor Manfred K\u00f6ssl from the Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience inserted electrodes \u2013 as fine as acupuncture needles \u2013 under the scalp of the bats while the bats drowsed under anaesthetic. Ultimately this measuring method is so sensitive that even the slightest movement of a bat\u2019s head would interfere with the results of the measurements. Despite being anaesthetised, the bat\u2019s brain still reacts to sound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Successions of two notes with differing pitches, corresponding to either echolocation calls or communication calls, were then played back to the bats. Initially a sequence was played back in which note 1 occurs much more frequently than note 2, for example \u201c1-1-1-1-2-1-1-1-2-1-1-1-1-1-1&#8230;\u201d. This was reversed in the next sequence, with note 1 occurring rarely and note 2 frequently. In this manner the scientists wanted to establish whether the neuronal processing of a given sound depended on the probability of it occurring and not, for instance, on its pitch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph.D. student Johannes Wetekam, lead author of the study, explains: \u201cIndeed our research results show that a rare and thus unexpected sound leads to a stronger neuronal response than a frequent sound.\u201d In this respect the bat\u2019s brain regulates the strength of the neuronal response to frequent echolocation calls by downplaying these, and amplifies the response to infrequent communication calls. Wetekam: \u201cThis shows that the bats process unexpected sounds differently in dependence on their frequency in order to gather adequate sensory impressions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The interesting aspect here, says Wetekam, is that the processing of the signals seemingly already occurs in the brain stem, which it has been assumed to date merely receives acoustic signals and transmits them to higher regions of the brain, where the signals are then offset against one another. The reason: \u201cThis probably saves the brain as a whole a lot of energy and allows for a very fast reaction,\u201d says Wetekam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor Manfred K\u00f6ssl believes: \u201cWe are all familiar with the party effect: we filter out the conversations of people in our immediate environment so we can concentrate totally on the person we are speaking with. These mechanisms are similar to those found in bats. If we can better understand how bats hear sound, in the future this could help us to understand what occurs with disorders such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), which disrupt adequate processing of extraneous stimuli.\u201d<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><strong>Publication:<\/strong> Johannes Wetekam, Julio Hechavarr\u00eda, Luciana L\u00f3pez-Jury, Manfred K\u00f6ssl:<strong> Correlates of deviance detection in auditory brainstem responses of bats<\/strong>. Eur. J. Neurosci 2021, Nov 11 <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.15527\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.15527<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever bats use echolocation when foraging for food or to communicate with other bats: sounds are omnipresent. How Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat, a species native to South America, filters out important [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":54760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,254,173],"tags":[246,194],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-60560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-research","category-unireport","tag-biological-sciences","tag-unireport-1-22"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How the brain filters out sounds | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/how-the-brain-filters-out-sounds\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How the brain filters out sounds | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Whenever bats use echolocation when foraging for food or to communicate with other bats: sounds are omnipresent. 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