{"id":66987,"date":"2023-01-13T11:53:36","date_gmt":"2023-01-13T10:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=66987"},"modified":"2023-02-06T04:12:31","modified_gmt":"2023-02-06T03:12:31","slug":"hummingbirds-hovering-flight-likely-evolved-because-of-a-lost-gene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/news-in-brief\/hummingbirds-hovering-flight-likely-evolved-because-of-a-lost-gene\/","title":{"rendered":"Hummingbird\u2019s hovering flight likely evolved because of a lost gene."},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Hummingbirds, native to North and South America, are among the smallest and most agile birds in the world. Often barely larger than a thumb, they are the only bird species that can fly not only forwards, but also backwards or sideways. <\/strong><strong>T<\/strong><strong>heir characteristic hovering flight<\/strong><strong> makes that possible. However, hovering is <\/strong><strong>extremely energy-<\/strong><strong>demanding<\/strong><strong>. In a genomic study published in the journal Science, an international team of scientists led by Prof. Michael Hiller <\/strong><strong>at the <\/strong><strong>LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG) <\/strong><strong>in Frankfurt <\/strong><strong>investigated the evolutionary adaptations of the metabolism that may have enabled the hummingbirds&#8216; unique flying abilities.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/beitrag_Phaethornis-superciliosus_G8Z0972_Nicolas-Defaux.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/beitrag_Phaethornis-superciliosus_G8Z0972_Nicolas-Defaux.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-66985\" width=\"839\" height=\"581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/beitrag_Phaethornis-superciliosus_G8Z0972_Nicolas-Defaux.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/beitrag_Phaethornis-superciliosus_G8Z0972_Nicolas-Defaux-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/beitrag_Phaethornis-superciliosus_G8Z0972_Nicolas-Defaux-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 839px) 100vw, 839px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A missing metabolic gene probably enables hummingbirds like the long-tailed hermit (<em>Phaethornis superciliosus<\/em>) to perform their energy-consuming hovering flight. Photo: Nicolas Defaux<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>During hovering, hummingbirds flap their wings up to 80 times per second, creating the characteristic humming sound. No other form of locomotion in the animal kingdom consumes more energy. Accordingly, their metabolism runs at full speed and is more active than that of any other vertebrate. To meet their energy needs, hummingbirds rely on the sugar in flower nectar. Hummingbird metabolism also has some distinctive features: they absorb sugar quickly, have highly active enzymes that process sugars, and can metabolise fructose just as efficiently as glucose \u2013 unlike, for example, humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers from Frankfurt and Dresden have now found out how this benefits the cells of the flight muscles that allow hummingbirds to hover. In their study, they sequenced the genome of the long-tailed hermit (<em>Phaethornis superciliosus<\/em>) and compared this and other hummingbird genomes with the genomes of 45 other birds, such as chicken, pigeon, or eagle. They discovered that the gene encoding the muscle enzyme FBP2 (fructose bisphosphatase 2) was lost in all studied hummingbirds. Interestingly, further investigations showed that this gene was already lost in the common ancestor of all living hummingbirds, during a period when hovering flight and nectar feeding evolved \u2013 around 48 to 30 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8222;Our experiments showed that the targeted inactivation of the FBP2 gene in muscle cells enhances sugar metabolism. Furthermore, the number and activity of the energy-producing mitochondria increases in cells lacking FBP2. All this has already been observed in the flight muscles of hummingbirds,&#8220; explains first author Dr. Ekaterina Osipova, currently a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and previously a scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden and the LOEWE-TBG in Frankfurt. &#8222;Since the FBP2 gene is only expressed in muscle cells, our results suggest that the loss of this gene in the hummingbird ancestor was likely a key step in the evolution of metabolic muscle adaptations required for hovering flight,&#8220; adds study leader Michael Hiller, Professor of Comparative Genomics at the LOEWE-TBG and the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to the loss of the FBP2 gene, other important genomic changes probably occurred in hummingbirds. Several other genes that play important roles in sugar metabolism exhibit amino acid changes in hummingbirds, likely because of directed selection. &#8222;The relevance of changes in these genes for evolutionary adaptations in hummingbird metabolism needs to be clarified by further studies and experiments,&#8220; Hiller said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><strong>Publication:<\/strong> Ekaterina Osipova, Rico Barsacchi, Tom Brown, Keren Sadanandan, Andrea H. Gaede, Amanda Monte, Julia Jarrells, Claudia Moebius, Martin Pippel, Douglas L. Altshuler, Sylke Winkler, Marc Bickle, Maude W. Baldwin, Michael Hiller. <strong>Loss of a gluconeogenic muscle enzyme contributed to adaptive metabolic traits in hummingbirds.<\/strong> Science (2023) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abn7050\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abn7050<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.senckenberg.de\/en\/pressemeldungen\/extraordinary-flight-artists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senckenberg.de<\/a><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hummingbirds, native to North and South America, are among the smallest and most agile birds in the world. Often barely larger than a thumb, they are the only bird species [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":66985,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,261,150],"tags":[],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-66987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-in-brief","category-news-in-brief"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hummingbird\u2019s hovering flight likely evolved because of a lost gene. | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/news-in-brief\/hummingbirds-hovering-flight-likely-evolved-because-of-a-lost-gene\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hummingbird\u2019s hovering flight likely evolved because of a lost gene. | Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hummingbirds, native to North and South America, are among the smallest and most agile birds in the world. 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