{"id":70913,"date":"2023-05-03T16:10:34","date_gmt":"2023-05-03T14:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=70913"},"modified":"2023-05-03T16:10:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-03T14:10:34","slug":"scientific-expertise-in-physics-and-geosciences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/scientific-expertise-in-physics-and-geosciences\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific expertise in physics and geosciences"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Heraeus Foundation Visiting Professorship at Goethe University<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Beitragsbild_UR223_Physik.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Beitragsbild_UR223_Physik.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70626\" width=\"344\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Beitragsbild_UR223_Physik.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Beitragsbild_UR223_Physik-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Beitragsbild_UR223_Physik-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2015 Goethe University has been awarding the title Heraeus Visiting Professor to scientists of international renown in physics and related interdisciplinary fields. The chair is endowed with funds set aside in 1963 by the Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation to support scientific research and education in the natural sciences. The prize pays tribute to the entire works of a scientist, whose fundamental discoveries, findings or new theories left a lasting mark on their own discipline and who are expected to continue their outstanding achievements in the future. Scientists from Germany and other countries are eligible for the chair. The laureate is invited to conduct research and teach in cooperation with one of the faculties in Frankfurt for at least six weeks on a topic of their choice. Below we introduce two current Heraeus Visiting Professors: physicist Gunther M. Roland and geologist Philippe Yamato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Large-scale experiments in particle physics<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Comprehending spectacular scientific discoveries of the recent past by analyzing the original data is generally not an exercise that accompanies a regular lecture. However, thanks to Gunther M. Roland, Heraeus Visiting Professor in 2023, physics students at Goethe University can now do precisely that. Harald Appelsh\u00e4user, whose research group Roland is visiting this summer semester, is giving the lecture \u201cNuclear and particle physics 4f: the Higgs boson.\u201d In it, he explains the physics of the \u201cGod particle\u201d, and Roland \u2013 who was involved in its discovery \u2013 will support the students when they analyze the data published by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and retrace the discovery process in detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, U.S.), Roland belongs to the group investigating heavy ions at extremely high, i.e. relativistic, energies. He researches the properties typical of strongly interacting atomic nuclei and elementary particles. Since \u201crelativistic\u201d means the particles involved move almost at the speed of light, the experiments have to take place inside extremely powerful particle accelerators such as the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (Long Island, USA), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) or the GSI Helmholtzzentrum (Darmstadt, Germany).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conditions resembling those after the Big Bang<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When heavy ions (typically copper, gold or lead ions) are accelerated almost to the speed of light and then collide with one another, they are subjected to such a gigantic amount of energy that it is not the \u201cclassical\u201d elementary particles \u2013 protons and neutrons \u2013 that are left over, but their component quarks and gluons. For a fraction of a second, they exist in a new state of matter \u2013 a \u201cquark-gluon plasma\u201d like the one that existed a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Roland is not only interested in the properties of the quark-gluon plasma and its behavior in certain very specific situations. He is also busy designing, setting up and conducting large-scale experiments in particle physics, including the CMS experiment at CERN and the sPHENIX experiment at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, scheduled to begin taking data in May 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTechnologically speaking, there\u2019s a relatively large area of overlap between sPHENIX and the ALICE experiment at CERN, where Harald Appelsh\u00e4user, my host at Goethe University, is involved,\u201d Roland explains, adding: \u201cMany procedures developed for ALICE are now being deployed for sPHENIX \u2013 something we will benefit from.\u201d At the same time, the ALICE experiment will also benefit from the experiences made at sPHENIX when its next data collection begins in September 2023, once some key components have been replaced. \u201cThe enhanced dialog with the Appelsh\u00e4user group, made possible by the Heraeus Visiting Professorship, is not only useful for my own research,\u201d Roland comments. \u201cIt actually benefits both teams.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He also expects some major impetus for his research from cooperating with theoreticians in Frankfurt, prime among them physicist Hannah Elfner\u2019s group researching heavy ions and elementary particles at FIAS. Elfner is working on an important model describing the particles into which a quark-gluon plasma develops following the collision of heavy ions; she and Roland employ sophisticated statistical methods to compare models and theories about the quark-gluon plasma with the experimental findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Not just Roland, not just 2023<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The intensified exchange resulting from the Heraeus Visiting Professorship is not limited to Roland alone. His students and staff members will also have the opportunity to come to Germany and meet not only with Appelsh\u00e4user\u2019s group, but also with the ALICE group at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum in Darmstadt. What\u2019s more, the exchange will not cease at the end of 2023, but is planned to continue for several years. The initial focus will lie on generating and recording data in the various experiments, to be followed by discussions of the physical phenomena examined and shown to exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Gunther Roland, the Heraeus Visiting Professorship means coming full circle \u2013 not simply because he visited Frankfurt many times each year in the past to discuss joint projects with colleagues in Harald Appelsh\u00e4user\u2019s research group, but also because he studied at Goethe University and obtained his doctorate here in 1993. \u201cThis feels a bit like coming home to me,\u201d he says. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Investigating how rocks are formed<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>French geologist Philippe Yamato\u2019s research focuses on how the Earth acquired its present form. He is conducting it at the University of Rennes in western France from the end of 2022 to the end of 2023, and also as Heraeus Visiting Professor at Goethe University. Yamato\u2019s interest lies in the lithosphere, the Earth\u2019s stone shell, and the formation of rocks in the Earth\u2019s interior many millions of years ago at a temperature of 600 degrees Celsius and a pressure of about 2.5 gigapascals (2.5 x 10<sup>9<\/sup> pascals) (just for comparison: at the deepest point in the ocean, the bottom of the Mariana Trench at a depth of 11,000 meters, the pressure is around 1,100 bar, equivalent to 0.11 gigapascals). Yamato is interested not only in the rocks\u2019 formation but also in how their structure changes when they move deep into the Earth\u2019s interior, and what happens when they finally come to the Earth\u2019s surface again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe appearance of a piece of rock can change drastically,\u201d Yamato explains: \u201cYou can imagine it like putting a baking tin filled with cake mixture into the oven.\u201d The conditions around the cake mixture change, and its consistency and appearance along with it, he says. The same is true of a piece of rock \u2013 located, for example, in a \u201csubduction zone\u201d at the edge of a tectonic plate, that is pressed down deeper into the Earth\u2019s interior, where it is subjected to higher pressure and higher temperatures. \u201cI\u2019m interested not only in comparing a piece of rock in the transformed state with its original form,\u201d Yamato says. \u201cI want to understand exactly how this transformation occurs.\u201d In other words, he wants to know more than what the finished cake looks like: \u201cSticking with the analogy, what I want to do is peer through the oven door, observe how the cake rises and how its surface gradually changes into a crispy, golden-brown crust.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Field research and simulations<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Yamato is taking several routes to achieve this goal. He goes on field trips to places such as the Norwegian Caledonides and the French Alps, where he investigates the appearance and internal structure of the rocks and collects rock samples that he analyzes upon return, using either a normal light microscope or a scanning electron microscope, or with the aid of electron probe microanalysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yamato also wants to use mathematical equations to describe how altered environmental conditions \u2013 pressures and temperatures in particular \u2013 affect the structure and composition of rocks. Based on the equations, he then writes simulation programs aimed at reproducing the properties and behavior of the rock samples as accurately as possible. \u201cThis shows us that we have correctly determined what happens inside the rocks,\u201d Yamato explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He is appreciative of the fact that as Visiting Professor of the Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation, he can make several extended visits to the research group of his host, geologist Thibault Duretz. \u201cHere I can concentrate fully on joint research projects with Thibault Duretz, without having to hold classes or do administrative tasks. In addition, as visiting professor I have the funding to bring members of my research group here to Goethe University \u2013 a wonderful opportunity for my students and doctoral candidates to forge scientific contacts.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Networking and seminar content<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Yamato himself also wishes to build up and maintain his scientific network both in Frankfurt, including with the groups in geochemistry and seismology, and with a mineralogist from Heidelberg. He is also planning a trip to Norway this summer with members of Thibault Duretz\u2019 research group, to map out the territory and collect rock samples, and to discuss scientific issues on location. And even though he enjoys focusing on research during his weeks at the Geocenter on Riedberg Campus, university teaching has also been a part of his visiting professorship. Together with Thibault Duretz, he held a four-day block seminar in the semester break, explaining to Bachelor, Master and PhD students how to express the transformation of rocks in equations and simulate it using computer models. Advanced baking, so to speak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><em>Stefanie Hense<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f0f0f0\"><strong>Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation Visiting Professors<\/strong><br><br><em>2015<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Anatoli Kheifets<\/strong>, Australian National University, physics<br><br><em>2016<\/em><br><strong>Prof\u2019in Renata M. M. Wentzcovich<\/strong>, Columbia University, geosciences<br><br><em>2017<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Dr. Michael Wiescher<\/strong>, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA, physics<br><br><em>2018<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Triantaphyllos Akylas<\/strong>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, geosciences<br><br><em>2019<\/em><br><strong>Dr. Igor I. Mazin<\/strong>, Center f\u00fcr Computational Materials Science Washington D.C., physics<br><br><em>2020<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Glenn A. Gaetani<\/strong>, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, geosciences<br><br><em>2021<\/em><br><strong>Dr. Christoph Geibel<\/strong>, MPI f\u00fcr Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Dresden, physics<br><br><em>2022<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Philippe Yamato<\/strong>, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes, Rennes Cedex, Frankreich, geosciences<br><br><em>2023<\/em><br><strong>Prof. Gunther Roland<\/strong>, MIT Cambridge, MA, USA, physics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Heraeus Foundation Visiting Professorship at Goethe University Since 2015 Goethe University has been awarding the title Heraeus Visiting Professor to scientists of international renown in physics and related interdisciplinary 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