{"id":79392,"date":"2024-03-18T09:42:38","date_gmt":"2024-03-18T08:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=79392"},"modified":"2024-03-18T09:44:00","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T08:44:00","slug":"worldwide-water-stress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/worldwide-water-stress\/","title":{"rendered":"Worldwide Water Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"

How have water resources evolved during the last 120 years? What will happen if the temperature rises another two degrees by the end of the 21st<\/sup> century? These are the kinds of questions addressed by WaterGAP, a global water-modeling program developed by Goethe University Frankfurt\u2019s Institute of Physical Geography and Ruhr University Bochum. To date, the data it generated were solely available to experts. Thanks to a new Web app developed by French geodata firm Ageoce in cooperation with Goethe University, that is set to change.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The \u201cErlenbach\u201d stream close to Frankfurt. Each year, geography undergraduates visit the area as part of a field trip where they learn basic practical methods used in physical geography, including measuring the watercourses.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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The image shown on a screen in Goethe University Frankfurt\u2019s Geocenter shows a map of central Europe, with the entire land area covered with a patchwork of colored boxes \u2013 some of them blue, some green, others yellow or orange. \u201cEach of these boxes \u2013 which we also refer to as cells \u2013 represents an area of around 50 kilometers by 50 kilometers,\u201d explains geographer Dr. Hannes M\u00fcller Schmied. \u201cThe colors indicate how much new groundwater is formed there in one year. The closer the color gets to orange, the less new groundwater is created.\u201d A few mouse clicks later and the brightly colored display changes \u2013 areas that were green are now predominantly yellow and orange. \u201cThe image I showed you before represented the situation in 1980,\u201d says M\u00fcller Schmied. \u201cWhat we see here is the situation in 2021, a year with less total precipitation and a somewhat different seasonal precipitation distribution. You can see significant variations in large parts of eastern Germany, Poland and Russia.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Thunderstorms don\u2019t do much for the groundwater<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Our freshwater resources are increasingly coming under stress \u2013 not so much because the total amount of precipitation is changing, but because it is now distributed differently. \u201cMany people find the wet weather we experienced in Germany in recent weeks depressing,\u201d M\u00fcller Schmied says. \u201cBut this type of steady, long-lasting rain is good news for the soil and the groundwater.\u201d In the last few years, however, long dry periods have become more frequent. Rainfall is often very concentrated: Sometimes, within just a few hours, the clouds release as much water as they would normally do over several weeks. \u201cWhen this kind of downpour occurs, it doesn\u2019t take long for the soil to lose its ability to absorb more water,\u201d M\u00fcller Schmied emphasizes. Instead, this valuable resource drains into streams and rivers and then flows into the sea \u2013 with very little arriving in the soil and ultimately in the groundwater. \u201cA severe thunderstorm doesn\u2019t do much for the groundwater. By contrast, two weeks of steady rain with exactly the same quantity of water is just perfect.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fluctuating precipitation patterns are not the only cause of water shortages, temporary or otherwise, at many places in Germany. Numerous other factors also influence regional water availability, such as the proportion of winter precipitation stored in glaciers and as snow, which is released again in the spring thaw. Other factors include how strong the insolation is, which in turn determines evaporation, or how thickly wooded an area is (forests shade the ground and help water seep into the soil; beyond that, their crown also stores water). Still other components include how intensively the resources are used for irrigating agricultural crops, for livestock, industry, or for meeting the water needs of households. For going on 30 years, researchers have been investigating these influences by creating computer models. After all, having sufficient water is essential not only for human beings, but also for functioning ecosystems and the organisms that live in them. One of the models enjoying widespread popularity worldwide is WaterGAP, the acronym for \u201cWater \u2013 Global Assessment and Prognosis.\u201d WaterGAP was launched nearly 30 years ago at the University of Kassel. Since then, the model has been continually refined and developed \u2013 now principally at Goethe University Frankfurt and Ruhr University Bochum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dr. Hannes M\u00fcller Schmied works at Goethe University Frankfurt\u2019s Institute of Physical Geography and at the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hannes M\u00fcller Schmied is part of the Frankfurt-based WaterGAP team. The colorful graphics on his screen are based on the model\u2019s calculations. \u201cMeasuring the generation of new groundwater is very hard work, also because it can only be done at one specific location and not in large areas,\u201d he says. \u201cYet, this information is extremely important when it comes to determining things like how sustainable it is to irrigate a large area from groundwater reserves.\u201d Models like WaterGAP mirror the processes that influence water availability \u2013 using software, they can calculate time series with spatial and temporal resolution for a range of variables in the water cycle. This allows researchers to estimate both the current status and the historical development of water resources for almost any region on our planet, albeit not absolutely exact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Complex geodata<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

To date it took experts to distil answers to specific questions from the plethora of model calculations. \u201cWe use complex programs to analyze and ultimately visualize our model\u2019s results,\u201d M\u00fcller Schmied explains. Thanks to a cooperative arrangement with Ageoce, that is about to change. The French company specializes in preparing complex geodata so they can be viewed in a standard internet browser. The two maps of Europe showing the formation of new groundwater in 1980 and 2021 were created using this Web app. \u201cWe want to help ordinary people understand how water resources have developed during recent decades,\u201d stresses Ageoce managing director Dr. Guillaume Attard. \u201cOur corporate mission is to fill the gaps between research and operational environmental technology, including by translating research data into a format that everyone can use. WaterGAP is an ideal example of this.\u201d The data visualization also enables laypersons to find answers to concrete questions \u2013 e.g. how has the water situation in the region where I live changed since I was born? How much of this change is due to human influence? \u201cOne of our goals is to raise awareness of the problem \u2013 both among the general public and among policymakers,\u201d says Attard, whose native country France has suffered just as much as Germany from numerous droughts in recent years.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Research data in the library<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Goethe University\u2019s Central Library is also involved in the cooperative project. It recently launched a platform for publishing research data \u2013 the Goethe University Data Repository (GUDe) \u2013, which is accessible to all scientists. \u201cWe use GUDe to store the results of the model in a structured manner and make them available to the public,\u201d M\u00fcller Schmied explains. The French partner can access the data on the internet via a standardized application programming interface (API). When M\u00fcller Schmied generates new data (the model calculations for 2023 are due to be uploaded onto GUDe soon, for example), Attard will be able to integrate them into his Web app with just a few mouse clicks. \u201cOur joint project also illustrates how GUDe can greatly simplify such cooperative schemes,\u201d M\u00fcller Schmied points out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WaterGAP\u2019s research usage is not limited to investigating the historical development of water resources. Another special focus is the effects of certain climate scenarios: \u201cWe\u2019re interested in questions like what will happen to water availability to human beings and the environment, if the global temperature really rises by 2, 3 or 5 degrees. Where are potential climate change hotspots emerging, which merit more detailed examination? And what role do direct human interventions play, e.g. the construction of reservoirs or the use of water by households, agriculture and industry\u201d, M\u00fcller Schmied asks. The current version of the Web app does not enable him to peer into the future \u2013 yet. That could change soon, as the geographer is planning to apply for funding to further develop the visualization platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Author: Frank Luerweg<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How have water resources evolved during the last 120 years? What will happen if the temperature rises another two degrees by the end of the 21st century? 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