{"id":83068,"date":"2025-03-17T13:46:53","date_gmt":"2025-03-17T12:46:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=83068"},"modified":"2025-03-17T14:17:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T13:17:43","slug":"without-oxygen-how-primordial-microbes-breathed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/without-oxygen-how-primordial-microbes-breathed\/","title":{"rendered":"Without oxygen: How primordial microbes breathed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Scientists at Goethe University discover how the oldest enzyme of cellular respiration works \u2013 potential applications in removing CO2 from exhaust gases<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Some
Some love it muddy: The microbe Acetobacterium woodii uses CO2 instead of oxygen to breathe.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A team of scientists from Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Marburg and Stockholm University have elucidated an ancient mechanism of cellular respiration. To that end, they studied bacteria that feed on the gases carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and turn them into acetic acid \u2013 a metabolic pathway that emerged very early in evolution. The international team has now been able to resolve the mystery of how the microbes use this process to generate energy. Their findings are also interesting for another reason: Since the microorganisms remove CO2 from their environment, they are seen as a beacon of hope in the fight against climate change.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Animals, plants and many other living organisms inhale oxygen to \u201cburn\u201d (technically: oxidize) compounds like sugar into CO2 and water \u2013 a process during which the energy-rich molecule ATP is produced. Cells require ATP to power vital reactions. In the early phase of our planet\u2019s existence, however, the earth\u2019s atmosphere did not yet contain any oxygen. Nevertheless, studies of ancient bacteria that still occur today in ecosystems without oxygen, e.g. in hot springs at the bottom of the ocean, suggest that a special form of respiration could have existed even then.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These microorganisms \u201crespire\u201d carbon dioxide and hydrogen into acetic acid. The metabolic pathway with which they do so has been known for some time. The question that remained unanswered until now is how they use this process to produce ATP. The current study now provides an answer. \u201cWe were able to show that the production of acetic acid itself activates a sophisticated mechanism as part of which sodium ions are pumped out of the bacterial cell into the environment,\u201d explains Prof. Volker M\u00fcller, Chair of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics at Goethe University Frankfurt. \u201cThis reduces the sodium concentration inside the cell, whereby the cell envelope acts like a kind of dam for the ions. Once this dam is opened, the sodium ions flow back into the cell, driving a kind of molecular turbine that generates ATP.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Cell respiration enzyme isolated just a few years ago<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A conglomerate of different proteins known as the Rnf complex plays a key role in this process. These proteins are largely embedded inside the membrane surrounding the bacterial cell. \u201cThe complex is so sensitive that we were only able to isolate it a few years ago,\u201d M\u00fcller emphasizes. When carbon dioxide reacts with hydrogen to form acetic acid, electrons are transferred from the hydrogen to the carbon atom via a series of different intermediate steps, in which the Rnf complex plays a mediating role: it takes up and passes on the electrons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the current study, the scientists have now shown what exactly happens during this process. Structural biologist Anuj Kumar \u2013 a PhD student in both M\u00fcller\u2019s research group as well as that of Dr. Jan Schuller at the University of Marburg \u2013 used a sophisticated method known as cryo-electron microscopy, as part of which the purified Rnf complex of the Acetobacterium woodii<\/em> bacterium was \u201cshock-frozen\u201d and then dripped onto a carrier plate. A thin film of ice is created in the process, which contains millions of Rnf complexes that can be observed using an electron microscope. Since they fall onto the carrier plate differently during the dripping process, it is possible to see different sides of them under the microscope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThese images can be combined into a three-dimensional one, which gave us a precise insight into the structure of the complex \u2013 especially those parts that are essential to the transfer of electrons,\u201d Kumar explains. The analysis of images taken at different intervals shows that far from being rigid, the individual components of the complex move back and forth dynamically. This allows the electron carriers to bridge longer distances and pass on their cargo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Fundamentally new mechanism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The question remained: How does the flow of electrons drive the outflow of sodium ions? A molecular dynamics simulation by Prof. Dr. Ville Kaila\u2019s working group at Stockholm University provided an initial answer to this question. A key role is played by a cluster of iron and sulphur atoms located in the middle of the membrane, which, after picking up an electron, becomes negatively charged. \u201cThe positively charged sodium ions from inside the cell are drawn to this cluster, just like a magnet,\u201d explains Jennifer Roth, a doctoral candidate in M\u00fcller\u2019s research group. \u201cThis attraction in turn causes the proteins to shift around the iron-sulphur cluster, much like a rocker switch: they create an opening leading to the outside of the membrane, through which the sodium ions are once again released.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roth was able to confirm this process by making specific genetic changes to the Rnf proteins. The fact that this fundamentally new mechanism could be elucidated is a testament to the successful cooperation between the three universities. Making the results even more interesting is the microorganisms\u2019 ability to absorb CO2 from their environment during the acetic acid production process. This ability could potentially be used to remove greenhouse gases from industrial waste emissions, for example. It could help slow down climate change while simultaneously providing valuable starting materials for the chemical industry. \u201cOnce we know how the bacteria generate energy in the process, we may be able to optimize this process in a manner that would allow us to produce even higher-quality end products,\u201d is M\u00fcller\u2019s hope. The findings could also provide starting points for new drugs against pathogens with similar respiratory enzymes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Publication:<\/strong> Anuj Kumar, Jennifer Roth, Hyunho Kim, Patricia Saura, Stefan Bohn, Tristan Reif-Trauttmansdorff, Anja Schubert, Ville R. I. Kaila, Jan M. Schuller, Volker M\u00fcller: Molecular principles of redox-coupled sodium pumping of the ancient Rnf machinery.<\/a> Nature Communications (2025)

Background:<\/strong>
How bacteria gain energy through CO2 fixation (2022) \u2192<\/a>

Oldest enzyme in cellular respiration found (2020) \u2192<\/a>

New metabolic pathway discovered in rumen microbiome (2020) \u2192<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scientists at Goethe University discover how the oldest enzyme of cellular respiration works \u2013 potential applications in removing CO2 from exhaust gases A team of scientists from Goethe University Frankfurt, 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