{"id":87397,"date":"2026-02-06T15:50:19","date_gmt":"2026-02-06T14:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=87397"},"modified":"2026-02-06T15:51:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T14:51:50","slug":"taxiing-through-the-gut-formic-acid-in-the-microbiome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/taxiing-through-the-gut-formic-acid-in-the-microbiome\/","title":{"rendered":"Taxiing through the Gut: Formic Acid in the Microbiome"},"content":{"rendered":"

Frankfurt researchers discover an unusual metabolic pathway in the gut bacterium Blautia luti<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"The
The human gut and its microbes. Intestinal epithelial cells are shown in brown; the different microbes are depicted in various colors and shapes. \u00a9 Shutterstock\/Tatiana Shepeleva<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt have discovered a surprising role for formic acid in the human gut: The small molecule acts as a kind of \u201ctaxi\u201d for electrons \u2013 both within bacteria and, likely, also between different microorganisms. The gut bacterium Blautia luti<\/em> produces formic acid as part of a metabolic trick that allows it to respond flexibly to what is available in the gut. In addition to carbohydrates, the bacterium can also metabolize toxic carbon monoxide derived from the body\u2019s own hemoglobin degradation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Among the many trillions of microorganisms in the human gut is Blautia luti<\/em>. Like many gut bacteria, it metabolizes indigestible dietary components, such as fiber in the form of carbohydrates. This process produces, among other things, acetic acid (acetate), an important energy source for our intestinal cells and a signaling molecule that can even influence our well-being via the gut-brain axis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Taxis for electron transport<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Formate
Formate is produced by various bacteria and taken up by B. luti, which converts it into acetate. B. luti can also produce formate itself. \u00a9 Raphael Trischler, Goethe University Frankfurt\/AI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B. luti<\/em> lives in the gut without oxygen and cannot respire, but only ferment. During this process, carbohydrates are converted into lactate, succinate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, which are excreted as metabolic end products. Too much hydrogen in the gut is unhealthy because it inhibits further fermentation. Therefore, small single-celled organisms known as archaea consume the hydrogen, convert it into methane, and thus regulate hydrogen levels in the gut. Hydrogen thus acts, so to speak, as an electron taxi within a bacterium and between different bacteria. However, this process involves a substantial loss of energy and is therefore disadvantageous for the bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. luti<\/em> has an additional, better option. Raphael Trischler and Prof. Volker M\u00fcller, Chair of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics at Goethe University Frankfurt, found that B. luti<\/em> produces formic acid (formate) instead of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) and hydrogen, with hydrogen bound to CO\u2082. In this case, formic acid is the electron taxi, allowing the energetically costly production of hydrogen to be bypassed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Formic acid as an electron store<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

To produce formic acid, B. luti<\/em> uses the enzyme pyruvate formate lyase. This enzyme is rather unusual in acetogenic bacteria. \u201cThe electrons are essentially stored in the formic acid,\u201d explains Trischler. However, formic acid is also unhealthy at high concentrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. luti<\/em> detoxifies formic acid together with CO\u2082 via a special metabolic pathway, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP), converting it into acetate. In the WLP, CO\u2082 is transformed via two different \u201cbranches\u201d and ultimately assembled into acetic acid. In the first branch, CO\u2082 is normally converted into formic acid by a specific enzyme \u2013 formate dehydrogenase \u2013 using hydrogen. \u201cBut B. luti<\/em> completely lacks formate dehydrogenase,\u201d explains Raphael Trischler, who studied the bacterium for his doctoral thesis. Instead, B. luti<\/em> uses formic acid directly. Sugar breakdown on one side and acetic acid production on the other are thus linked via formic acid \u2013 a clever strategy that gives the bacterium an energetic advantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Flowchart
Top: During interspecies formate transfer, B. luti consumes carbohydrates and produces short-chain fatty acids such as lactate, acetate, or succinate, but also formate. The short-chain fatty acids are then absorbed by the intestine. Formate is absorbed by other intestinal microbes and converted into short-chain fatty acids and methane (not shown). Below: During intraspecies formate transfer, B. luti metabolizes the formate with carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrogen (not shown) to produce short-chain fatty acids such as acetate. Short-chain fatty acids contribute to intestinal health. \u00a9 Volker M\u00fcller, Goethe-University Frankfurt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Useful side effects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Raphael
Raphael Trischler (seated) and Volker M\u00fcller in the laboratory at an anaerobic chamber. The chamber contains no oxygen but nitrogen, allowing oxygen-sensitive bacteria such as B. luti to be handled safely. \u00a9 Jennifer Roth, Goethe University Frankfurt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In the laboratory culture studied, B. luti<\/em> excretes formic acid. In the complex food web of the gut, however, the situation is different, and formic acid does not accumulate there. Methane-producing archaea can convert formic acid into methane, but B. luti<\/em> has another trick up its sleeve. Reducing formic acid in the WLP requires electrons that originate from carbohydrate fermentation. But B. luti<\/em> can also use gases produced by other bacteria for this purpose. \u201cIn the presence of hydrogen, the formic acid disappears completely,\u201d reports Trischler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Particularly remarkable is B. luti\u2019s<\/em> ability to utilize carbon monoxide. This highly toxic gas is produced in the human body during the natural breakdown of hemoglobin, the red blood pigment. \u201cBacteria like B. luti<\/em> can thus detoxify carbon monoxide produced by the body itself using formic acid,\u201d explains M\u00fcller. This also explains why so many gut microbes possess the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. luti <\/em>has yet another property beneficial to humans: In addition to acetate, it produces succinate (succinic acid). Succinate promotes the growth of other beneficial gut bacteria, stimulates the immune system, and is also an industrially valuable raw material for biotechnological applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study highlights how diverse metabolic strategies in the gut are. \u201cEven within related groups of bacteria, there are fascinating differences,\u201d says M\u00fcller. \u201cUnderstanding this helps us better decipher the interactions between different gut bacteria and their role in human well-being.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Publication: <\/strong>Raphael Trischler, Volker M\u00fcller: Formate as electron carrier in the gut acetogen Blautia luti: a model for electron transfer in the gut microbiome<\/a>. Gut Microbes (2026)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Frankfurt researchers discover an unusual metabolic pathway in the gut bacterium Blautia luti Researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt have discovered a surprising role for formic acid in the human gut: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":87388,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,254],"tags":[246],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-87397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-research","tag-biological-sciences"],"yoast_head":"\nTaxiing through the Gut: Formic Acid in the Microbiome | 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