{"id":88274,"date":"2026-05-05T15:41:19","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T13:41:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/?p=88274"},"modified":"2026-05-05T15:41:20","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T13:41:20","slug":"how-life-could-arise-from-molecules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/en\/english\/how-life-could-arise-from-molecules\/","title":{"rendered":"How Life Could Arise from Molecules"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/molekuele-leben-650x450-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-88273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/molekuele-leben-650x450-1.jpg 650w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/molekuele-leben-650x450-1-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/molekuele-leben-650x450-1-500x346.jpg 500w, https:\/\/aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/molekuele-leben-650x450-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Polar water molecules cause DNA to form a double helix, with nonpolar elements on the inside and polar ones on the outside. \u00a9 Markus Bernards \/ ChatGPT, Goethe University Frankfurt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Many properties of molecules cannot be predicted from the properties of the atoms they consist of these properties only emerge when they are combined \u2013 a phenomenon known in science as \u201cemergence.\u201d A publication by Goethe University Frankfurt examines, from chemical, biological, and philosophical perspectives, how emergence and complexity are connected. The researchers show how systems arise from simple building blocks through many intermediate steps \u2013 systems that can store information, replicate, and ultimately perform functions. Their work offers a new perspective on the transition from non-living to living matter.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bacteria are living organisms consisting of just a single cell, and at first, they only regulate themselves. Nevertheless, many types of bacteria can form colonies that behave like a complex organism. Within these, individual microbes suddenly take on different roles: some produce a slime that holds the colony together; others supply their \u201csiblings\u201d with nutrients and energy; still others are especially mobile and help the colony spread. Together, they achieve something that no single one could accomplish alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sudden appearance of a new, unpredictable property in a system is a phenomenon researchers call emergence. \u201cEmergence also exists in the world of molecules,\u201d says Professor Harald Schwalbe from the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Goethe University Frankfurt. \u201cTake water, for example: it consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. When these combine to form water, a molecule with entirely new properties emerges\u2014properties that cannot be derived from those of the individual atoms.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Water Shaped the Emergence of Life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Water is polar: the oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. Without the combination of these properties in water, life would not exist \u2013 at least not in its current form. The polarity causes water molecules to attract each other, like weak magnets. This cohesion is why water is liquid between 0 and 100 degrees Celsius rather than gaseous. This is the temperature range on Earth \u2013 determined by its distance from the Sun. Under the physical conditions on Earth, water is the liquid environment in which the molecules of life can form and in which chemical reactions in organisms are accelerated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis, in turn, is a prerequisite for DNA to store information and for proteins to adopt a specific structure,\u201d explains the chemist. DNA consists of different molecular building blocks that formed even before life emerged; some are polar, while others are nonpolar. The polar components interact well with water and therefore orient outward in an aqueous environment, while the nonpolar ones are positioned inward. This is one reason why DNA adopts a double helix structure under natural conditions \u2013 similar to a spiral staircase, where the polar railings are on the outside and the nonpolar steps are stacked and twisted inside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe emergent properties of water thus impose a certain order on more complex molecules,\u201d explains Schwalbe. \u201cIt\u2019s like a conductor ensuring that musicians don\u2019t just play randomly.\u201d This order, in turn, forms the basis for these complex molecules to develop specific, unpredictable properties of their own. It is partly responsible, for example, for DNA consisting of two intertwined strands. These usually behave complementarily \u2013 like matching puzzle pieces. As a result, DNA has the ability to replicate, meaning it can create copies of itself. During this process, the DNA strands separate, and matching \u201cpuzzle pieces\u201d attach themselves anew to each strand. The ability to replicate is central to the emergence of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Evolution of Complex Systems Will Not Repeat Exactly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The publication identifies a total of 13 characteristics of complex systems. One of them is the phenomenon that such systems can reach critical states in which their properties fundamentally change through emergence. This suddenly enables new functions. Exactly when this happens cannot be predicted. These leaps were often key steps on the path to the emergence of life. For them to occur, systems require a constant input of energy \u2013 on Earth, this comes from the sun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A driving force behind this development is evolutionary mechanisms, which began shaping molecules even before life emerged. Together with emergence, they have led to the diverse forms of life we observe on Earth today. Despite these forces, however, the exact course of this development was not predetermined, Schwalbe emphasizes: if we could turn back the clock four billion years, entirely different life forms would arise than those we know today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><strong>Publication: <\/strong>Harald Schwalbe, Josef Wachtveitl, Alexander Heckel, Florian Buhr, Sabrina Toews, Thomas M. Schimmer. The Role of Chemistry Across Disciplines From Humanities to Life Sciences in Understanding Complexity and Emergence. Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2026); <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202523427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202523427<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\"><strong>Contact:<\/strong><br>Professor Harald Schwalbe<br>Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology<br>Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance<br>Goethe University Frankfurt<br>Tel. +49 (0)69 798 29737<br><a href=\"mailto:schwalbe@nmr.uni-frankfurt.de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">schwalbe@nmr.uni-frankfurt.de<\/a><br>Homepage: <a href=\"https:\/\/schwalbe-lab.de\/team\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/schwalbe-lab.de\/team\/<\/a><br><br><strong>Bluesky:<\/strong> @goetheuni.bsky.social @harald-schwalbe.bsky.social @wachtveitl-lab.bsky.social<br><strong>LinkedIn:<\/strong> @Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt @Harald Schwalbe @Josef Wachtveitl @Alexander Heckel @Florian Buhr @Sabrina T\u00f6ws @Thomas Schimmer<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many properties of molecules cannot be predicted from the properties of the atoms they consist of these properties only emerge when they are combined \u2013 a phenomenon known in science [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":88273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[126,254],"tags":[244],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-88274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-research","tag-chemistry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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